OATH FORM/PANUNUMPA NG KATAPATAN

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) “Panunumpa ng Propesyonal (Oath of Professionals)” form is a government form which is free to obtain, print and/or reproduced. This form is available in the PRC office but you may also download it from here. In order to save more time, it’s better to print out a copy of this form and fill it out before going to the PRC office.

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Top Performing Schools in July 2010 Nurse Licensure Exam NLE

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JULY 2010 NURSING LICENSURE EXAMINATION (NLE) RESULTS

JULY 2010 NURSE LICENSURE EXAMINATION RESULTS

MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY/REGURGITATION

I. Definition and related terms:

a. a damaged mitral valve allows blood from the left ventricle to flow back into the left atrium during systole.

b. to handle the backflow, the atrium enlarges. So does the left ventricle, in part to make up for its lower output of blood.

II. Epidemiology

a. follows birth defects such as transposition of the great arteries.

b.in older clients, the mitral annulus may have become calcified.

c. cause unknown; may be linked to a degenerative process.

d. occurs in 5 to 10% of adults.

III. Findings

a.       client may be asymptomatic

b.      orthopnea, dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, weight loss

c.       chest pain and palpitations

d.      jugular vein distention

e.       peripheral edema

IV.            Management

a.       low-sodium diet - to prevent fluid retention

b.      oxygen as needed - to prevent tissue hypoxia

c.       antibiotics - to treat infection

d.      prophylactic antibiotics - to prevent infection

e.       surgery - mitral valvuloplasty or valve replacement

V.            Nursing interventions

a.       the cardio-care six

b.      monitor the cardio seven

c.       monitor for left-sided heart failure, pulmonary edema, adverse reactions to drug therapy, and cardiac dysrhythmias especially atrial and ventricular fibrillation

d.      if client has surgery, monitor postoperatively for hypotension, arrhythmias and thrombus formation

e.       client and family teaching

f.        diet restrictions and drugs

g.      explain tests and treatments

h.      prepare client for long-term antibiotic and follow-up care.

i.        stress the need for prophylactic antibiotics during dental care.

j.        teach client and family to report findings of heart failure: dyspnea and hacking, nonproductive cough.

VI.            Diagnostic findings

a.       EKG for arrythmias and changes of left atrial enlargement

b.      echocardiogram - to visualize regurgitant jets and flail chordae/leaflets

c.       cardiac cath shows regurgitation of blood from left ventricle to left atrium

MITRAL STENOSIS

1. Definition - mitral valve thickens and gets narrower, blocking blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle.
2. Physiology
• function of the heart is the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products
• cardiac cycle consists of:
• systole - the phase of contraction during which the chambers eject blood
• diastole - the phase of relaxation during which the chambers fill with blood. When heart pumps, myocardial layer contracts and relaxes.
1. blood flow:
• deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
• enters the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve
• travels through the pulmonic valve to pulmonary arteries and lungs
• oxygenated blood returns from lungs through the pulmonary veins into left atrium and enters the left ventricle via bicuspid (mitral) valve.
• from the left ventricle, through the aortic valve through the aorta to the systemic circulation
• the heart itself is supplied with blood by the left and right coronary arteries
• the vascular system is a continuous network of blood vessels.
1. the arterial system consists of arteries, arterioles and capillaries and delivers oxygenated blood to tissues
2. oxygen, nutrients and metabolic waste are exchanged at the microscopic level
3. the venous system, veins and venules, returns the blood to the heart
3. Epidemiology
1. of clients with mitral stenosis, 2/3 are female
2. most cases of mitral stenosis are caused by rheumatic fever
4. Findings
• mild - no findings
• moderate to severe
1. dyspnea on exertion
2. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
3. orthopnea
4. weakness, fatigue, and palpitations
• peripheral and facial cyanosis in severe cases
• jugular vein distention
• with severe pulmonary hypertension or tricuspid stenosis - ascites
• edema
• hepatomegaly
• diastolic thrill at the cardiac apex
• when client lies on left side, loud S1 or opening snap and a diastolic murmur at the apex
• crackles in lungs
5. Management
1. antiarrhythmics if needed
2. if medication fails, atrial fibrillation is treated with cardioversion.
3. low-sodium diet - to prevent fluid retention
4. oxygen if needed - to prevent hypoxia
5. surgery - mitral commissurotomy or valvotomy
6. Nursing interventions
1. the cardio-care six
2. observe closely for findings of heart failure, pulmonary edema, and reactions to drug therapy.
3. if client has had surgery, watch for hypotension, arrhythmias, and thrombus formation.
4. monitor the cardio seven
5. client and family
6. explain the need for long-term antibiotic therapy and the need for additional antibiotics before dental care.
7. report early findings of heart failure such as dyspnea or a hacking, nonproductive cough.
7. Diagnostic studies/findings
1. history and physical exam
2. EKG- for changes of left atrial enlargement and right ventricle enlargement
3. echocardiogram - for restricted movement of the mitral valves and diastolic turbulance

TRAUMA CARE

Trauma Care

1. Airway with simultaneous cervical spine immobilization
1. Must use jaw thrust
2. Do not use head-tilt chin-lift: it could injure neck
2. Breathing
1. Look, listen and feel for respirations
2. Follow CPR procedure
3. Circulation
1. Assess pulses
1. carotid pulse: BP at least 60
2. femoral pulse: BP at least 70
3. radial pulse: BP at least 80
2. Stop any active, visible bleeding
3. After initial assessment, start large-bore IVs
4. Disability: brief neurological exam
1. Level of consciousness
2. Pupil response to light
3. Ability to move extremities
4. Ability to move against resistance
5. Expose
1. Undress client
2. Inspect for injuries or deformities
6. Fahrenheit
1. Take temperature
2. Maintain warmth
1. warm blankets
2. warming lights
7. Get vitals
1. Pulse
2. Respiratory rate
3. Blood pressure
8. History and head-to-toe full assessment
1. How did injury occur - mechanism of injury
2. Client's medical history
3. Full body system assessment
9. Inspect the back
1. Roll the client over - log roll with help
2. Inspect for injuries or deformities

Cardiac Arrest

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation also known as (CPR) is executed to preserve intact brain function until extra measures are done to reestablish circulation of blood and breathing in a person who is in cardiac and respiratory arrest

1.      Determine unresponsiveness

a.      shake and shout "are you okay?"

b.      call for help

2.      Position the client, if no evidence of trauma (if trauma, see section III of this lesson)

3.      Open the airway

a.      head-tilt, chin lift

b.      jaw thrust (if spinal injury suspected)

4.      Assess for breathing: look, listen and feel

5.      Give rescue breaths

a.      assess if breaths go into lungs by chest movement

b.      if air does not go in, reposition airway (see #3 above)

c.       if air still does not go in, check for foreign body

                                                                                   i.      abdominal thrust (Heimlich manueuver)

                                                                                ii.      do not proceed until airway and rescue breathing established

d.      when airway is clear, check for abscence of pulse

e.      begin chest compressions

                                                                                   i.      be sure client is on a firm surface

                                                                                ii.      hand position is critical

                                                                              iii.      two finger-widths above xiphoid

                                                                               iv.      lower one-half of sternum

1.       for adult, 1.5 to 2 inch compression depth

2.      two rescuers, 80 to 100 compressions per minute

3.      one rescuer, 80 compressions per minute

f.        alternate compressions and breaths

                                                                                   i.      one and two rescuers, 15 compressions to two breaths

                                                                                ii.      reassess cardiopulmonary status after one minute and every few minutes thereafter

6.      Early defibrillation

a.      In adults, the arrhythmia most correctable is ventricular fibrillation if treated promptly

b.      Before starting CPR for ventricular fibrillation, call for help

CPR - Early defibrillation is the key to successful resuscitation for many adults. Continually reassess during CPR to see if the client regains a pulse or begins breathing. Reassess to see that the chest moves and pulses are palpable during CPR.