TEST TAKING SKILLS

Everyone knows that preparing for and taking exams can get quite stressful. So, we’ve gathered a few study tips, test taking hints and relaxation techniques to help you along the way.

General Study Tips:

1.      The “real thing”- Take practice tests and Q & A drills every day. Position yourself in an atmosphere where there will be no interruptions or distractions. Develop your schedule for studying around when you are normally more awake and/or most efficient. Go through an entire drill in one sitting. Give yourself a time limit for finishing the questions. It’s important not to panic if you don’t know the answer. Taking tests is a skill like any other. In addition, taking tests can be extremely anxiety producing for some people. These people perform much more poorly on tests than they normally do in class or on the job. The best way to reduce test-anxiety is through constant exposure. Practice makes perfect!

2.      Create flashcards – Keep track of the concepts and definitions you find most difficult and make a flashcard for each one. Keep the flashcards with you during the day. You never know when you’ll have a couple of minutes between classes or on a work break to give yourself a quick quiz.

3.      Mnemonic Devices – Use mnemonic devices to assist your memory in recalling short lists.

4.      Understanding vs. Memorizing – Don’t memorize material. Instead aim for understanding the material. Nurse Licensure Examinations (NLE) do not test for memorization but rather for an understanding of the nursing concepts. When studying content, ask yourself, “How can I use this information when I care for clients?” However, there are concepts that require memorization (e.g. normal values).

5.      Time Frame – The key to efficient studying is time management. You need to first determine how much time you have before the exam. Next, you need to realistically determine how much free time you have to devote to studying. If you have a couple of months you can study much more leisurely than if you have only a couple of days. Try to make a study schedule based on the time you have available. You should be in the mode to study once you take up the schedule though. Unmotivated studying is not efficient studying! Once you set your study schedule, stick to it. Your unconscious will reward you with greater energy if you stick to your time line.

Test Taking Skill Tips:

1.      Read each question carefully – carefully read each multiple-choice question to ensure a full understanding of the concepts. As you go through the questions look for key concepts that are familiar to you. Understand what the question is asking.

2.      Answer the question first – Try to answer the question before looking at the options. If you cannot answer the question, try eliminating the options that you know are incorrect first. Then analyze the remaining two answers.

3.      Go at your own pace – Don’t pay attention to how quickly other examinees complete their examination. The time taken by a candidate to complete the examination is not a predictor of passing or failing. Pace yourself, keeping note of the time left to complete the examination. Take the time you need to answer each question but try not to spend too much time on any one question.

4.      The night before – Don’t stay up late for last minute cramming on the night before your exam. Instead get a good night’s sleep. Try to clear your mind and relax.

Relaxation Techniques:

1.      Be confident – Don’t let the testing procedure overwhelm you. Remember, the majority of examinees pass the Nurse Licensure Examination (NLE) the very first time. Be confident in what you know – don’t second guess yourself. Think positive. You can pass this examination, you have studied and you are prepared.

2.      Reduce anxiety – Plan to finish studying for the examination at least several days prior to your scheduled time to test. Last minute cramming will increase your anxiety.

3.      Ease tension – Practice deep breathing to decrease tension and manage anxiety. Try to clear your mind if you start to worry. Make sure you eat healthy and exercise prior to taking the examination.

Empower Yourself by Controlling your Thoughts and Emotions

1.      Keep a positive mental attitude.

2.      Challenge negative thoughts.

3.      Practice relaxation techniques.

4.      Desensitize yourself to your fear of tests

5.      Use positive imagery to reduce physical reactions to stress

Prepare for the Test

1.      Manage your daily routine

2.      Exercise

3.      Eat well and limit caffeine.

4.      Understand where you can concentrate

5.      Study in short intervals

6.      Go to all of your classes.

7.      Make flashcards, outlines and summary sheets

8.      Form study groups with motivated students

9.      Over-preparation instills confidence

Test Taking Techniques

1.      Arrive on time for the test

2.      Bring the appropriate tools to the test

3.      Understand all of the directions for the test before starting

4.      Manage the allotted time to your advantage

5.      Concentrate on the simple questions before the complex ones.

6.      Make educated guesses

7.      Maintain a positive mental attitude

8.      Check your answers and answer sheet

9.      Stay away from crowds and anxious people.

10.  Pace yourself

11.  Read every line; don't just scan the questions

12.  Concentrate on one question at a time

13.  Never change your answer unless you are completely sure you made a mistake

14.  Pick the most complete answers and always answer all questions.

15.  Use logic and common sense; your first hunch is usually the right one.

16.  Remind yourself that you are in control!

Composition and Analysis of the Multiple Choice Test Question
Stem- the question.

1.      Case scenario - explains the situation.

2.      Issue - the specific problem or subject of the question.

3.      Analysis - focus on what you know about the issue.

4.      Problem

5.      Procedure

6.      Drug

7.      Disorder

8.      Behavior

Options - choice of answers.
* Distracters - answers that dont answer the question
* Keywords - words that set priority or directionalized care.

General keywords.

ð  Early

ð  Late

ð  Immediately after

ð  Most likely

ð  Least likely

ð  Initial or priority nursing action

ð  After several days

ð  On day of admission

Universal keywords

ð  All

ð  Only

ð  Every

ð  Always

Negative keywords

ð  No

ð  Not

ð  Never

ð  Rarely

ð  Least essential

ð  Lowest priority

ð  Inappropriate

ð  Contraindicated

Tips on How to Examine Multiple Choice Test Questions
Practice critical thinking!

1.      Examine the stem

2.      Reframe the question

3.      Critique the stem

4.      Evaluate

Tips on How to Answer Multiple Choice Test Questions

1.      Try to construct the correct answer before you look at the options

2.      Identify patient-centered options

3.      Identify opposite answers first and closely -- then may be distracters

4.      Identify specific determiners in options such as always, never, all, etc.

5.      When any part of an option is wrong, the entire answer is wrong

6.      Some questions will have a false response; the question may ask you which action is contradicted so you should look for the wrong nursing action.

7.      Identify equally plausible or unique options

8.      Identify options that deny the patient's feelings, concerns or needs.

Tips for Answering True/False Questions

1.      Watch for keywords such as always, never, all or none. Qualified statements including words like these are probably false.

2.      If any part of the statment is false, then the entire statemetn is false.

3.      There are usually more true than false answers.

4.      Most true statement come right out of a textbook or lecture.

5.      Make yourself work quickly; dont't pause to analyze too much!

Words That Appear Most Frequently in Essay Questions

Ö Analyze - To dissect something or break it down into its different parts. To examine relationships among the parts.

Ö Choose - To select freely and after consideration. To state a preference for something. You will usually need to defend your choice; in outher words, you will need to back your choice up with specific examples and persional opinions.

Read More

TEST TAKING STRATEGIES

1. Read Questions Carefully

Scores on tests are greatly affected by reading ability. In answering a test item, you

should begin by carefully reading the stem and then asking yourself the following

questions:

• What is the question really asking?

• Are there any key words?

• What information relevant to answering this question is included in the stem?

• How would I ask this question in my own words?

• How would I answer this question in my own words?

After you have answered these questions, carefully read the options and then ask yourself the following questions:

• Is there an option that is similar to my answer?

• Is this option the best, most complete answer to the question?

Deal with the question as it is stated, without reading anything into it, or making assumptions about it. Answer the question asked, not the one you would like to answer.

For simple recall items the self-questioning process usually will be completed quickly.

For more complex items the self-questioning process may take longer, but it should assist you in clarifying the item and selecting the best response.

2. Identify Key Words

Certain key words in the stem, the options, or both should alert you to the need for

caution in choosing your answer. Because few things are absolute without exception,

avoid selecting answers that include words such as always, never, all, every, only, must,

no, except, and none. Answers containing these key word are rarely correct because they

place special limitations and qualifications on potentially correct answers. For example:

All of the following are services of the National Kidney Foundation except:

1. Public education programs

2. Research about kidney disease

3. Fund-raising affairs for research activities

4. Identification of potential transplant recipients

This stem contains two key words: all and except. They limit the correct answer choice to the one option that does not represent a service of the National Kidney Foundation. When except, not, or a phrase such as all but one of the following appears in the stem, the inappropriate option is the correct answer—in this instance, option 4.

If the options in an item do not seem to make sense because more than one option is

correct, reread the question; you may have missed one of the key words in the stem. Also be on guard when you see one of the key words in an option; it may limit the context in which such an option would be correct.

3.    Pay Attention to Specific Details

The well-written multiple-choice question is precisely stated, providing you with only the

information needed to make the question or problem clear and specific. Careful reading

of details in the stem can provide important clues to the correct option. For example:

A male client is told that he will no longer be able to ingest alcohol if he wants to

live. To effect a change in his behavior while he is in the hospital, the nurse should

attempt to:

1. Help the client set short-term dietary goals

2. Discuss his hopes and dreams for the future

3. Discuss the pathophysiology of the liver with him

4. Withhold approval until he agrees to stop drinking

The specific clause to effect a change in his behavior while he is in the hospital is critical.

Option 2 is not really related to his alcoholism. Option 3 may be part of educating the

alcoholic, but you would not expect a behavioral change observable in the hospital to

emerge from this discussion. Option 4 rejects the client as well as his behavior instead of

only his behavior. Option 1, the correct answer, could result in an observable behavioral

change while the client is hospitalized; for example, he could define ways to achieve

short-term goals relating to diet and alcohol while in the hospital.

4.    Eliminate Clearly Wrong or Incorrect Answers

Eliminate clearly incorrect, inappropriate, and unlikely answers to the question asked in

the stem. By systematically eliminating distractors that are unlikely in the context of a

given question, you increase the probability of selecting the correct answer. Eliminating.

obvious distractors also allows you more time to focus on the options that appear to be

potentially sound answers to the question. For example:

The four levels of cognitive ability are:

1. Assessing, analyzing, applying, evaluating

2. Knowledge, analysis, assessing, comprehension

3. Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis

4. Medical-surgical nursing, obstetric nursing, psychiatric nursing

Option 1 contains both cognitive levels and nursing behaviors, thus eliminating it from

consideration. Option 4 is clearly inappropriate since the choices are all clinical areas.

Both options 2 and 3 contain levels of cognitive ability; however, option 2 includes

assessing, which is a nursing behavior. Therefore option 3 is correct. By reducing the

plausible options, you reduce the material to consider and increase the probability of

selecting the correct option.

5.    Identify Similar Options

When an item contains two or more options that are similar in meaning, the successful

test taker knows that all are correct, in which case it is a poor question, or that none is

correct, which is more likely to be the case. The correct option usually will either include

all the similar options or exclude them entirely. For example:

When teaching newly diagnosed diabetic clients about their condition, it is

important for the nurse to focus on:

1. Dietary modifications

2. Use of sugar substitutes

3. Their present understanding of diabetes

4. Use of diabetic nutritional exchange lists

Options 1, 2, and 4 deal only with the diabetic diet, involving no other aspect of diabetic

teaching; it is impossible to select the most correct option because each represents

equally plausible, though limited, answers to the question. Option 3 is the best choice

because it is most complete and allows the other three options to be excluded.

As another example:

A child’s intelligence is influenced by:

1. A variety of factors

2. Socioeconomic factors

3. Heredity and environment

4. Environment and experience

The most correct answer is option 1. It includes the material covered by the other options, eliminating the need for an impossible choice, since each of the other options is only partially correct.

6.    Identify Answer (Option) Components

When an answer contains two or more parts, you can reduce the number of potentially

correct answers by identifying one part as incorrect. For example:

After a cholecystectomy the postoperative diet is usually:

1. High fat, low calorie

2. High fat, low protein

3. Low fat, high calorie

4. Low fat, high protein

If you know, for instance, that the diet after a cholecystectomy is usually low or moderate in fat, you can eliminate options 1 and 2 from consideration. If you know that the cholecystectomy client usually is overweight, you can eliminate option 3 from

consideration. Therefore option 4 is correct.

7.   Identify Specific Determiners

When the options of a test item contain words that are identical or similar to words in the stem, the alert test taker recognizes the similarities as clues about the likely answer to the question. The stem word that clues you to a similar word in the option or that limits potential options is known as a specific determiner. For example:

The government agency responsible for administering the nursing practice act in

each state is the:

1. Board of regents

2. Board of nursing

3. State nurses’ association

4. State hospital association

Options 2 and 3 contain the closely related words nurse and nursing. The word nursing,

used both in the stem and in option 2, is a clue to the correct answer.

8.   Identify Words in the Options That Are Closely Associated With Words in the Stem

Be alert to words in the options that may be closely associated with but not identical to a

word or words in the stem. For example:

When a person develops symptoms of physical illness for which psychogenic

factors act as causative agents, the resulting illness is classified as:

1. Dissociative

2. Compensatory

3. Psychophysiologic

4. Reaction formation

Option 3 should strike you as a likely answer since it combines physical and psychologic

factors, like those referred to in the stem.

9.    Watch for Grammatical Inconsistencies

If one or more of the options are not grammatically consistent with the stem, the alert test

taker usually can eliminate these distractors. The correct option must be consistent with

the form of the question. If the question demands a response in the singular, plural

options usually can be safely eliminated. When the stem is in the form of an incomplete

sentence, each option should complete the sentence in a grammatically correct way. For

example:

Communicating with a male client who is deaf will be facilitated by:

1. Use gestures

2. Speaking loudly

3. Find out if he has a hearing aid

4. Facing the client while speaking

Options 1 and 3 do not complete the sentence in a grammatically correct way and can

therefore be eliminated. Option 2 would be of no assistance with a deaf client, so option 4 is the correct answer.

10.Be Alert to Relevant Information From Earlier Questions

Occasionally, remembering information from one question may provide you with a clue

for answering a later question. For example:

A client has an intestinal tube inserted for treatment of intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal suction can result in excessive loss of:

1. Protein enzymes

2. Energy carbohydrates

3. Water and electrolytes

4. Vitamins and minerals

If you determined that the correct answer to this question was option 3, it may help you to answer a later question. For example:

Critical assessment of a client with intestinal suction should include observation for:

1. Edema

2. Nausea

3. Belching

4. Dehydration

The correct answer is option 4. If you knew that excessive loss of water and electrolytes

may lead to dehydration, you could have used the clue provided in the earlier question to assist you in answering the later question.

11. Make Educated Guesses

When you are unsure about the correct answer to a question, it is better to make an

educated guess than not to answer the question. You generally can eliminate one or more of the distractors by using partial knowledge and the methods just listed. The elimination process increases your chances of selecting the correct option from those remaining.

Elimination of two distractors on a four-option multiple-choice item increases your

probability of selecting the correct answer from 25% to 50%.

Reference: Elsevier, Inc, 2005

Read More